Table 1

Individual characteristics of NY postpartum women by homeless status

	Homeless (n=82 820)		Non-homeless (n=1 026 965)		P value
	n	%	n	%	P value
Individual characteristics at delivery
Age (mean, SD)	27.7 (6.3)		29.3 (6.1)		<0.001
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	2959	3.6	502 785	49.0	<0.001
Black	26 853	32.4	145 782	14.2	<0.001
Hispanic	23 158	28.0	168 492	16.4	<0.001
Other	29 850	36.0	209 906	20.4	<0.001
Insurance type during delivery
Public	61 986	74.8	453 964	44.2	<0.001
Private	1068	1.3	534 358	52.0	<0.001
Self-pay	19 718	23.8	16 295	1.6	<0.001
Other	48	0.2	22 348	2.2	<0.001
Length of stay during delivery hospitalisation
Length of stay (median, IQR)	3 (2,3)		3 (2,3)		<0.001
≤1 day	442	0.5	39 231	3.8	<0.001
2 days	35 363	42.7	434 510	42.3	0.03
3 days	31 481	38.0	353 686	34.4	<0.001
4 days	9391	11.3	135 436	13.2	<0.001
≥5 days	6143	7.4	64 102	6.2	<0.001
Median household income in zip code
Quartile 1 (lowest)	N/A	N/A	261 961	25.5	N/A
Quartile 2	N/A	N/A	227 578	22.2	N/A
Quartile 3	N/A	N/A	219 465	21.4	N/A
Quartile 4 (highest)	N/A	N/A	306 027	29.8	N/A
Maternal comorbidity
Maternal Comorbidity Index (mean, SD)	0.75 (0.75)		0.75 (1.19)		<0.001
Alcohol abuse	98	0.1	952	0.1	0.02
Asthma	1174	1.4	17 122	1.7	<0.001
Cardiac valvular disease	96	0.1	3855	0.4	<0.001
Chronic congestive heart failure	≤10 cases*		43	0.0	0.44
Chronic ischaemic heart disease	≤10 cases*		187	0.0	0.13
Chronic renal disease	317	0.4	2542	0.3	<0.001
Congenital heart disease	43	0.1	912	0.1	<0.001
Drug abuse	851	1.0	13 794	1.3	<0.001
Gestational hypertension	1960	2.4	25 103	2.4	0.16
HIV	≤10 cases*		≤10 cases*		0.78
Mild pre-eclampsia or unspecified pre-eclampsia	3867	4.7	27 358	2.7	<0.001
Multiple gestation	1092	1.3	22 404	2.2	<0.001
Placenta previa	546	0.7	7115	0.7	0.26
Pre-existing diabetes mellitus	934	1.1	8512	0.8	<0.001
Pre-existing hypertension	2251	2.7	19 888	1.9	<0.001
Previous caesarean delivery	13 204	15.9	174 823	17.0	<0.001
Pulmonary hypertension	25	0.0	267	0.0	0.47
Severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia	1896	2.3	15 825	1.5	<0.001
Sickle cell disease	258	0.3	2953	0.3	0.22
Systemic lupus erythematosus	86	0.1	1618	0.2	<0.001
Outcomes at delivery
Pregnancy complications
Haemorrhage	5800	7.0	74 448	7.3	0.008
Premature rupture of membranes	3966	4.8	63 321	6.2	<0.001
Preterm labour	6409	7.7	67 687	6.6	<0.001
Postpartum infection	2341	2.8	13 201	1.3	<0.001
Uterine rupture	45	0.1	836	0.1	0.008
Thrombotic event	480	0.6	10 061	1.0	<0.001
Early onset of delivery	6409	7.7	67 525	6.6	<0.001
Neonatal complications
Fetal distress	163	0.2	975	0.1	<0.001
Fetal growth restriction	1679	2.0	21 052	2.1	0.66
Stillbirth	466	0.6	4841	0.5	<0.001
Delivery characteristics
Caesarean delivery	24 474	29.6	353 850	34.5	<0.001

*The observed number of cases was ≤10 and has therefore been masked to protect the privacy of the individual(s).
N/A, not available.