Table 1

Samples of coded videotape segments

Main category	Code	Observable behaviour	Example
Content-oriented leadership	Information collection	Team members proactively acquire task relevant information	‘Do we have Atropine on hand?’ ‘Did you inject 1% solution?’
	Information transfer	Team members proactively provide task relevant information or knowledge	Information about the state of the patient—for example, ‘ventilating is easy.’ Information about strategy or decisions: ‘Blood pressure measurement is set to 2 min.’
	Problem-solving	Team members verbalise a problem, provide interpretation of a problem, are looking for a solution and are setting new goals	‘I'm not worried about the bradycardia—that's due to the Fentanyl.’ ‘Maybe this instrument is broken?’
Structuring leadership	Distribution of roles and assigning tasks	Team members assign tasks or roles to other team members	‘Please inject 10 mg propofol’ ‘Could you hold the mask for me, please?’
	Decision about procedures	Team members offer clear performance strategies or show other team members how to do something	‘We're going to provide respiration without a filter’ ‘We prepare atropine but wait before injecting’
	Initiate an action	Team members initiate an action without being asked	‘I'll start with the blood pressure measurement’
	Structuring work process	Team members determine the sequence of actions, coordinate pace and rhythm of activities and plan next steps	‘Let's wait until the frequency goes up, then we'll try it again’ Nurse asks whether she is allowed to preoxygenise the patient. Resident answers: ‘No, not yet. Let me first fill out the report.’
	Resource management	Team members manage staff and equipment resources	Additional equipment or staff is requested Somebody is asked to help